Socioeconomic and environmental analysis of restored forest ecosystems in the Nazas River basin, Mexico Socioeconomic and environmental analysis of restored forest ecosystems in the Nazas River basin, Mexico

Abstract

The social, economic, and environmental impact of soil restoration and conservation activities implemented in forests of the upper Nazas River basin in Durango, Mexico, was evaluated. To analyze the economic and social aspects, a survey was administered to the population over 15 years of age, which included general population information, knowledge about conservation and restoration, social perceptions, and economic perceptions. Through a multi-temporal analysis of satellite images (2009, 2016, and 2023), changes in land use and vegetation were examined, estimating rates of change for the periods 2009–2016, 2016–2023, and 2009–2023. Additionally, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and the Normalized Difference Humidity Index (NDMI) were calculated. The results indicate that the population possesses knowledge about forest conservation and restoration, and that their participation focuses on project implementation activities; likewise, there is a perception of economic benefit derived from the projects. The pine forest covered the largest area in the three years analyzed, while the oak forest showed the highest levels of degradation. Bare soil decreased. Vegetation indices reflected low vegetation cover and water stress. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of conservation and restoration projects on temperate forest soils in Mexico.